تحلیل روانشناسی: غریزه و اراده (هابز _ فروید _ شوپنهاور)

هابز (تعديل غرایز)
فرويد (والايش)
شوپنهاور (اراده نکردن)

دیدگاه عمیقا بدبینانه ی هابز در رابطه با طبیعت انسان در کتاب لویاتان (هیولا) وی را به این نتیجه ی مناقشه برانگیز ترغیب کرد که اساسا انسان برای انسان همانند گرگ است (هوموهومینی لوپوس).

وی هم صدا با افلاطون دموکراسی را برای توده مردم خطرناک میدانست زیرا اکثریت جامعه به جای بهره گیری از قوه ی تعقل ، توسط هیجانات و غرایزشان کنترل می شوند

این بدبینی منجر به این شد تا وی نظام پادشاهی مطلقه را برای مهار زیاده خواهی های انسان ها مناسب دانسته و نقش حاکمیت را در جهت تعدیل غرایز توده مهم و حیاتی برشمرد

چند قرن بعد که شوپنهاور اثر خود با عنوان جهان به مثابه اراده و بازنمود را منتشر کرد با اشاره به اندیشه های توماس هابز پا را از این هم فراتر گذاشت و دیگر نه صرفا تعديل غرائز بلکه نفس اراده ورزیدن را مورد آماج حملات خود قرار داد.

فروید که موضعی مشابه آن دو داشت تحت تاثیر جنگ جهانی اول ، با اشاره به شور مرگ و خوی درندگی بشر ، راه گریز را از در پشتی ایگو یعنی مکانیسم والایش یا تصعید در نظر گرفت و بدین گونه نسخه ی کوچک شده اراده شوپنهاوری را (ليبيدو یا زیست مایه) با تغییر جهت از مسیر اصلی خودش به سمت خلاقیت ،کار و هنر چاره ساز این مسئله اخلاقی میدانست.

رویکرد جبرگرایانه ی هابز ، در چگونگی ساختار سیاسی (پادشاهی مطلقه) نمود یافت در حالیکه علیت باوری فروید و شوپنهاور هر دو را در مسیر پوچ گرایی درمانی و فلسفی قرار داد.

آقای آرش طالب وند (تحلیل گر و روانشناس بالینی)

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# Harvard University: A Legacy of Excellence and Innovation

## A Brief History of Harvard University

Founded in 1636, **Harvard University** is the oldest and one of the most prestigious higher education institutions in the United States.

Located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard has built a global reputation for
academic excellence, groundbreaking research, and influential alumni.
From its humble beginnings as a small college established to educate
clergy, it has evolved into a world-leading university that shapes the future across various disciplines.

## Harvard’s Impact on Education and Research

Harvard is synonymous with **innovation and intellectual leadership**.
The university boasts:

– **12 degree-granting schools**, including the
renowned **Harvard Business School**, **Harvard
Law School**, and **Harvard Medical School**.
– **A faculty of world-class scholars**, many of whom are Nobel laureates, Pulitzer
Prize winners, and pioneers in their fields.
– **Cutting-edge research**, with Harvard leading initiatives in artificial intelligence, public health, climate
change, and more.

Harvard’s contribution to research is immense,
with billions of dollars allocated to scientific discoveries and technological advancements each year.

## Notable Alumni: The Leaders of Today and Tomorrow

Harvard has produced some of the **most influential figures** in history, spanning politics, business, entertainment, and science.

Among them are:

– **Barack Obama & John F. Kennedy** – Former U.S.
Presidents
– **Mark Zuckerberg & Bill Gates** – Tech visionaries (though Gates
did not graduate)
– **Natalie Portman & Matt Damon** – Hollywood icons
– **Malala Yousafzai** – Nobel Prize-winning activist

The university continues to cultivate future leaders who shape industries and
drive global progress.

## Harvard’s Stunning Campus and Iconic Library

Harvard’s campus is a blend of **historical charm and modern innovation**.
With over **200 buildings**, it features:

– The **Harvard Yard**, home to the iconic **John Harvard Statue** (and the famous “three lies” legend).

– The **Widener Library**, one of the largest university libraries in the world, housing **over 20 million volumes**.

– State-of-the-art research centers, museums,
and performing arts venues.

## Harvard Traditions and Student Life

Harvard offers a **rich student experience**, blending academics with vibrant traditions, including:

– **Housing system:** Students live in one of 12 residential houses, fostering a strong sense of community.

– **Annual Primal Scream:** A unique tradition where students de-stress by running through
Harvard Yard before finals!
– **The Harvard-Yale Game:** A historic football rivalry that unites alumni and students.

With over **450 student organizations**, Harvard students engage in a diverse range of
extracurricular activities, from entrepreneurship to performing arts.

## Harvard’s Global Influence

Beyond academics, Harvard drives change in **global policy, economics, and technology**.

The university’s research impacts healthcare, sustainability,
and artificial intelligence, with partnerships across industries worldwide.
**Harvard’s endowment**, the largest of any university,
allows it to fund scholarships, research, and public initiatives, ensuring a legacy of impact for generations.

## Conclusion

Harvard University is more than just a school—it’s a **symbol
of excellence, innovation, and leadership**. Its **centuries-old traditions, groundbreaking
discoveries, and transformative education** make it one of the
most influential institutions in the world. Whether through its distinguished alumni, pioneering research, or vibrant student life, Harvard continues
to shape the future in profound ways.

Would you like to join the ranks of Harvard’s legendary scholars?
The journey starts with a dream—and an application!

https://www.harvard.edu/

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